Serb M-84AB1 tank, Modernized M-84 aka Serb/Yugoslav T-72

The Serbs have begun upgrading their M-84s with things like Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armor,Shtora anti-tank missile jammers(those two boxes to the left and right of the main gun) and the ability to fire anti-tank missiles out of the main gun.













Close up of smoke grenade launchers



Close up of Shtora

M-84AB1

The question is where does this money go?? I don't think most of them money goes to Serbia anyway...90% of the improved components are made in Russia and offered by Russia. This is a joint Rosboronoexport-Serbia deal...Russia provides the equipment and technology...Serbia integrates it into the M-84...and then they sell it to Kuwait. So naturally I would assume most of the money goes to Russia.

This is hardly a "Serb" tank...its T-90 components from Russia integrated into the M-84 to be sold to Kuwait. The Russians wanted to upgrade the Kuwaiti M-84s...but they needed the Serbs to be able to integrate the stuff into it.You are wrong. Lots of components are indigenous, and some are neither Russian nor Serbian (like the thermal imager which was built with assistance from Thales).It could be that some parts are russian, I don't know... but that the russians need serbs to integrate the stuff into, I really don't think so. Russians could have sold the parts direclty to the Kuwait, why go through Serbia??Kids...90% of the components are Russia made. Those are standrat Russian made components for the T-90 project. Those are not made by anyone else and no one else can make them. The ERA, the weapons, the electronics, the laser warning, the Shtora and so forth...those are all Russian. Russia has a deal with Thales to export their thermal sights on the T-90 export versions...like the ones that went to India. Same here. The Serb components are probably only in the engine or such aspects of the tank.Even if it half money go to Russia 150 000 000 is stil good deal!The money for the deal goes to Serbia.

I'm assuming the Russians have already been paid for the licence for the upgrade package.

And BTW, The M-84AB1 looks like a T-90 because it basically is a serbian version of the T-90 with certain domestic components used in place of the russian ones. NA POMOLU VELIKI POSAO NAŠE PRIVREDE

Povratak u Kuvajt

Tenk M-84AB1 položio sve testove i mogao bi da postane najve?i izvozni hit naše industrije

Armija Kuvajta želi da modernizuje tenkove M-84 na standard ruskog supertenka T-90S i taj posao ?e, po svemu sude?i, dobiti privreda Srbije i Crne Gore, jer je i tenk M-84 u sastavu kuvajtske vojske naš proizvod, a kompanija "Jugoimport-SDPR" razvila je modernizaciju na nivo tenka M-84AB1.

Kuvajtske vlasti su, naime, pred neposrednom odlukom da potpišu ugovor vredan oko 300 miliona dolara. Kompletnu modernizaciju pomenutog tenka na nivo tenka M-84AB1, potpuno samostalno je finansirala Kompanija «Jugoimport-SDPR», da bi nedavno dobila priliku da njegove mogu?nosti demonstrira i u pustinji Kuvajta. Jer, sa jugoslovenskim tenkovima M-84 armija Kuvajta, njihova 15. oklopna brigada, prva je ušla u oslobo?eni glavni grad posle poraza Iraka u «Pustinjskoj oluji» 1991. godine. Pre toga prodali smo Kuvajtu oko 200 tenkova M-84, istina stigli smo da isporu?imo nešto više od 150, ali i to u to vreme bio najve?i pojedina?ni posao tadašnje celokupne jugoslovenske industrije.

Godine su prolazile i postoje?i tenk M-84 trebalo je modernizovati da bi ostao na nivou najmodernijih oklopnjaka u svetu. Kako tržište za taj posao ve? postoji, »Jugoimport-SDPR» pristupio je tom projektu na ameri?ki na?in, samostalno finansiraju?i modernizaciju tenka M-84. Tehni?ki to je obavljeno u korporaciji «Lola».

Spektakl u finalu

Kuvaj?ani su bili prvi zainteresovani i posle upoznavanja sa osobinama novog M-84AB1 na poligonu Nikinci, kod Beograda, zatražili su testiranje i u njihovoj pustinji. Tako je posle 15 godina opet jedan naš tenk stigao u Kuvajt.

Bilo je to spektakularno ga?anje. Kuvajtska posada najpre je manevrisala našim tenkom pri svim mogu?im brzinama i bo?nim nagibima u pustinjskim jarugama sa maksimalnim naprezanjem motora. Zatim je usledilo ga?anje granatama iz topa iz pokreta i sa zastanka sa koriš?enjem potkalibarnih projektila sa jezgrom od teškog metala i projektila sa višestrukom kumulativnom bojevom glavom koja probija sve danas postoje?e tenkovske oklope u svetu. Posle toga je ga?ano iz protivavionskog mitraljeza od 12,7 mm daljinskim upravljanjem iz unutrašnjosti kupole. Kuvajtska posada imala je odli?ne pogotke i onda je usledilo veliko finale, ga?anje raketom iz tenkovskog topa, jer M- 84AB1 može da lansira i raketu iz topa od 125 mm.

Direktor kompanije «Jugoimport-SDPR» Stevan Nik?evi? predložio je ministru odbrane Kuvajta Emiru El Sabahu da kuvajtska strana odlu?i na koju daljinu cilja da se lansira raketa iz tenkovskog topa. Ina?e, maksimalna daljina za tu vrstu ga?anja je do 5.000 metara. Ameri?ki tenkovi tipa M-1 «abrams», koje Kuvaj?ani tako?e imaju u svom naoružanju, ispaljuju rakete na ciljeve udaljene do maksimum 3.000 metara.

Ministar odbrane Kuvajta je, dakle, predložio da se ovom prilikom ne ide preko ameri?kog maksimuma, odnosno da se ga?a cilj udaljen 3.000 metara. Kuvajtska posada lansirala je dve rakete i obe su pogodile središte cilja. Oduševljenje Kuvaj?ana bilo je neizmerno. Visoki oficiri kuvajtske vojske požurili su da ?estitaju direktoru kompanije «Jugoiport-SDPR» re?ima: «Bravo, Srbi!».

Velika šansa

Da bi spektakl u pustinji Kuvajta bio potpun i globalan, pobrinuli su se, naravno, Amerikanci. Naime, sve vreme testiranja tenka M-84AB1 nad poligonom i našim tenkom «visila» je ameri?ka bespilotna letelica snimaju?i sve šta se doga?a. Prvo na visini od oko 300 metara, da bi sa zatim spustila na samo 15 metara iznad zemlje. Prethodnog dana jedan ameri?ki pukovnik zatražio je da u?e u naš M-84AB1. Direktor «Jugoiporta-SDPR» Nik?evi? rekao mu je da može, ali samo ako se i njemu dozvoli ulazak u ameri?ki M-1 «abrams». Amerikanac nije prihvatio «dil».

Može se o?ekivati da posao sa modernizacijom kuvajtskih tenkova M-84 na nivo M-84AB1, što je, zapravo, ekvivalent najmodernijem ruskom tenku T-90S, krene ve? krajem ove godine. To je velika šansa naše privrede, jer je ukupna vrednost posla oko 300 miliona ameri?kih dolara.

Remont kuvajtskih tenkova i isporuka setova za njihovu modernizaciju šansa su i za modernizaciju tenkova M-84 u sastavu Vojske Srbije i Crne Gore. U okviru reforme naših oružanih snaga modernizovani tenkovi imaju ulogu u svim vrstama modernih sukoba, pa i u borbi protiv terorista u naseljnim mestima, a posebno izvan njih.

Kompanija «Jugoimport-SDPR» ovim je poslom promovisala i novi na?in prodaje naoružanja i vojne opreme na svetskom tržištu. Sopstveno finansiranje.

M-84AB1

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Tank M-84AB1

Short history:
Yugoslav licensed built upgraded T-72, 502 M-84 & M-84A has been built for YPA (Yugoslav People's Army) when the war begin. In service with Croatia (45?), Kuwait (149?), Slovenia (44?) and Yugoslavia (290?).
License production rights purchased in 1979 by Yugoslav government. First prototype was built in 1982 and production started in 1984. Over 700 have been built.
Kuwait ordered 200 M-84s in 1989, including 15 command tanks and 15 ARVs. About 12 where delivered before Iraqi invasion in 1990, during the war further shipment was delivered.


Combat history:
First taste of combat was with 35th Kuwaiti Armored Brigade 'Fatah' during the Gulf War. During the war in former Yugoslavia most of the tanks where kept at safe distance, they where too valuable to be lost in city fighting's. When used in combat it's frontal armor is impenetrable but it's sides (and rear) can be penetrated by most anti-tank weapons - good infantry support is required.

300 Million Dollar Deal for Djuro Djakovic

THE KUWAITI ARMY has not responded to Polish and Serbian offers to upgrade their M-84 tanks, nor for the purchase of US Abrams tanks, because it wants the upgraded Croatian M-84D tank

A recent statement Croatian Defence Minister Berislav Roncevic made before top Kuwaiti state officials that Croatian Government guarantees that the company Djuro Djakovic is technologically and organisationally entirely capable of meeting and fulfilling the demands of upgrading 150 Kuwaiti M-84 tanks and if need be to manufacture a further 66 tanks that were never delivered to Kuwait, but should have been in the early 1990s, has put Djuro Djakovic in a position to clinch the most lucrative deal in its history, worth about $300 million. The price of upgrading one tank would be up to a million US dollars, depending on the equipment package the Kuwaitis opt for, while the price of a new tank is about $2.5 million.

Kuwait has for several years now had offers to upgrade its M-84 tanks under consideration, but has not, however, given positive answers to any of the offers, not even to the most serious ones coming from Poland and Serbia back in 2005. It has also not answered positively the US proposal to sell its M-84's and replace them with more of the Abrams tanks already present in Kuwaiti armoured vehicle units. There are several reasons why Kuwait has shown great interest for Croatia. For Kuwait it was exceptionally important that the Djuro Djakovic Company maintained continuity and the development of its tank program with the M-84 over the past years, that tanks manufactured at Djuro Djakovic are used in Croatian Army units, that Croatia has continued to finance the program and that the Croatian Army will also use the new upgraded tank designated M-84D, for which it wants to close a deal with Kuwait on.

Besides that, the upgraded Croatian tank will have the same caterpillar treads made by German manufacturer Diehl that the Kuwaiti M-84 tanks already use, and which were installed just under two years ago, which demonstrates that Croatian product compatibility has been maintained with that of Kuwait.

Kuwait is very happy with the M-84 tanks manufactured back in the time of the former Yugoslavia because of their mobility in desert conditions, few breakdowns and much easier maintenance that is the case with the heavy American Abrams tanks, whose motors fail much more often in the desert. This happens because of a poorly designed air filtering system, allowing desert sand to enter the motor turbine, which is then starved of air, causing the motor to overheat and forcing a stop. When the turbine is ruined a new one takes up to a month to be delivered from the USA. The Abrams has poor mobility because of its weight and is an easier target, having a 2.5 square metres larger surface area than the M-84, which is in the large open spaces of the desert terrain, where there are no shelters, a significant problem. The M-84 is also ten tons lighter than the Abrams and can as such pass over all of the bridges trucks can use, which the Abrams cannot.

Besides that, the Abrams price tag is about US$ 5 million, which is double the price of a new M-84D. Kuwait has concluded that base production and a tank program of the upgraded M-84 been preserved only in Croatia, unlike in Serbia where a lack of financing and state support has seen only a single tank prototype designated M-84AB1 in three years, and the prototype has been in fact created in a factory that manufactures construction mechanisation, and not a tank program. The Serbian prototype is in fact the Russian T-90 tanks, as all of the components installed on the M-84 originate in Russia and Belarus. Kuwait is a country with probably the widest spectre of weaponry and military equipment when it comes to country of origin, all of which was done for political reasons, meaning good relations with the leading global powers.

In its armed forces it already has the Russian armoured vehicle BMP-3, the Chinese 155 mm howitzer, the British Warrior tank and the American Abrams. Entrusting the job to the Serbian manufacturer of the M-84AB1 tank with 80% of its parts of Russian origin would in fact mean paying for the upgrade and purchase of new Russian tanks, and that would upset the balance as far as origin of weaponry is concerned.

As we have learned from the defence ministry, the Slavonski Brod-based company is not considering collaborating on this project with Serbian companies as it already has a wide network of partners with whom it can completely round off the M-84D tank program. Unlike the M-84 tanks currently in Kuwaiti armoured units, the upgraded tank will have a thermovisual camera through which it will be able to detect all targets emitting heat at a distance of up to several kilometres from the tank, regardless of fog, night or if they are hidden in the shadow if some other object.

An electrically powered cannon and cupola, and accompanying assemblies, whose installation is in process, will be procured from well-known Western European manufacturers of tank equipment. Up to now the cannon and cupola propulsion was hydraulic. Electric cannon and cupola propulsion is the trend in the development of modern tanks, used on the US Abrams and the French Leclerc. The tank commander will be able to fire on two targets at once, even if the second crew member responsible for firing is incapacitated, as the operation and aiming of the firing station will be possible from the cupola, both of the 125 mm cannon and the remote control of the 12.7 mm machine gun without exposure to enemy fire. Air conditioning will also be installed on the tank. The protection of the tank and its crew, the commander, gunner and driver, has been significantly improved with the new SZ-D defence system which, for example, in the case of a nuclear strike and the used of chemical weapons immediately shuts down the engine and closes its exit shutters, shuts off the positive air pressure compressor and ensures the filtering of the crew's air supply, quicker and more efficiently than previously. Soon after a critical situation of that kind, the defence system raises all existing combat functions regardless of the level of pollution in the soil and atmosphere.

The M-84 tank was first presented to the public on 9 May 1985 at the Victory-85 military parade. It all, however, started much earlier, in the mid 1970s, when the military brass of the former Yugoslavia realized that the issue of the procurement of a new tank could no longer be put off. The procurement of the T-55 tank had been completed in the mid 1970s and 20 years had passed since production of that model had been launched. About 35 percent of the former Yugoslav People's Army tank fleet of the time consisted of outdated T-34 tanks that had to be replaced. An analysis then showed that a thousand new tanks would be needed in the coming ten years up to 1985 to replace the obsolete T-55's, and another thousand in the next ten years. The T-72 emerged at the time, but the USSR was not open to any discussion on the sale of that tank. Even its allies Poland and Czechoslovakia were long in acquiring a licence for the tank, which they finally managed to get in 1976. Only after top-level talks did the USSR receive a larger group of Yugoslav experts, who were shown the T-72. A general presentation of the tank was held at the Vistrel military academy, 30 km from Moscow. The Kapela operational group was set up with the aim of integrating all activities surrounding a possible domestic tank program. Based on a report from an expert task force and the findings of the Chief Military-Technical Advisory Board, a decision was made to buy the licence for the T-72 tank.

During a visit to the USSR, Tito worked out the sale of the licence with President Brezhnev in spite of the opposition of the Soviet defence minister. The licence was sold for $39 million with a duration of ten years or one thousand manufactured tanks. The Yugoslav side could not sell, modify or enter into co-production with other countries without the approval of the USSR. The purchase of the licence was just one of the steps that had to be taken, as many new problems sprang up. Each of the republics did its best to grab as high a percentage as possible of the participation in the future production of the tank, and it was particularly uncertain where the manufacturing would be finalised. It was felt that three companies met the requirements: Croatia's Djuro Djakovic and the Serbian GOSA and MIN companies. In the end it was Josip Broz Tito who made the decision: "Let it be as the experts have it. And as far as the tank finalizing is concerned, since the experts say that all three companies have about the same conditions, and as Croatia has the smallest percentage engaged in military programs. Let the finalization of the tank be in Croatia, and let's finish with this." Before production could be started, many machines and tools worth $121 million had to be acquired.

The implementation plan foresaw a trial series of tanks completed by 1983, a zero series by the end of 1984, and the first series by 1985, which was an overly ambitious deadline, resulting in a late production of individual series of the M-84 tanks in serial production. The first prototype was completed in April of 1983 and was made mostly of imported components.

In all there were five prototypes, later disassembled and used in instruction. The first real test of domestic production was the zero series of 10 units made in 1984. Over the next three years 370 M-84 tanks were manufactured, and from 1988 on, following the development of a new motor and the adoption of the concept of improved armour defence, a decision by the Yugoslav People's Army Supreme Command of 29 April 1987 allotted the designation M-84A to the tank having these alteration, with the improved M-84A version in serial production up to 1991, and about 150 M-84AB units manufactured for the Kuwaiti Armed Forces. The tank's production costs were about $700,000, of which 74% were labour costs, 18% materials and 8% were imported components with material. The tanks were sold to Kuwait at a price of about $1.7 million.

Kuwaitis Coming In June
Defence minister Berislav Roncevic's trip to Kuwait and his statement of Croatian Government guarantees that the company Djuro Djakovic will meet all requests put to it, were after all key in having Kuwait, after several years of searching, turn to the original manufacturer of its tanks. And in June a Kuwaiti military delegation will be present at the premier of the upgraded Croatian tank, designation M-84D, at the Kindrovo testing grounds near Slavonski Brod after which Kuwait will likely in September of this year run final testing of the Croatian tank and make a decision by the end of the year.

Tank of Wisdom

The State can be protected by one tank, but not by many, as experience has shown. The example of the M-84 tank as an export product is far more convincing than brigades of tanks as measures of misguided politics

The main material evidence of the extraordinary fact that the Yugoslav Peoples' Army (JNA), Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, etc. have managed to retain an element of common sense in the general havoc around us is provided by a 42 ton steel monster, with an engine of 1000 horse power and a 125 mm cannon. This "armaments system" is produced, in brotherhood and unity, by all six republics of the ex - the communists would say "decadent" - Yugoslavia, and this in spite of war, secession, "fascism", and "anti-fascism", hatred, and mutual backbiting. The M-84 tank, however, is not the only example of the discrete and efficient cooperation between the military industries of the warring Balkan states; it is merely the most convincing because it proves that the purpose of weapons is actually that they not be used. General Anton Tus (formerly of the JNA and now Commander-in-Chief of the Croatian armed forces), has confirmed that the M-84 is still being produced in cooperation with all contractors (50 large and 1000 sub-contractors).

The Yugoslav military industry has always been, and still is, very propulsive: its present potential annual export is somewhere between one and two billion dollars; it employs 57 carrying firms and a thousand sub-contractors, with a total of 70,000 qualified employees in direct employment, around 300,000 indirectly employed and 8,000 employed in research. The Yugoslav military industry produces around 400 items, from army longjohns to tanks and aircraft, supplying 90 percent of needs of the JNA, which up to a year ago, was considered one of the stronger armies in Europe.

The disintegration of "decadent" Yugoslavia - no matter how paradoxical it may seem - has not hit the military industry, which is united under the operating unit of CAMEIY (the Community of Armaments and Military Equipment Industries of Yugoslavia), too hard. Here, the ambition of each republic to have its own army and weaponry is viewed with skepticism: "No one can produce a single item alone; even longjohns and shirts require imported raw materials. A bullet for a gun needs the cooperation of at least three republics", says one experienced military businessman, going on to say that it is far cheaper to continue working together than for each to branch out on its own. With regard to imports, he continues, we saw what happened in the autumn of 1990 when Slovenia and Croatia had to pay out exorbitant prices for the import of arms. People from CAMEIY support their theory with the facts that large amounts have been invested in the meantime into research and development of the armament system, and this part of the cost in the most expensive and modern systems is the greatest (around 80 percent).

A healthy commercial logic is apparent here, even if unpopular. Against it are fanaticism and thievery, which - as is usual in these parts - go hand in hand. The fanatics maintain that their people are self sufficient, and the thieves support them for their own reasons. The culmination of this idea was that of the Serbian river-submarine which was to be made by the Sava Shipyards, the only one of its kind in the world. Experts say that only in this part of the world could someone come up with such a moronic idea. The same definition applies to the Croatian armoured transporters and submachine guns, the famous Slovenian submachine guns, etc. One expert made an initial forecast of the costs of replacing the modern tank by one that Serbia would produce itself: an immediate 100 billion dollar cash investment would have to be made in construction, instruments and training of those to be employed in the factories which would take over from the Slovenian iron and steel works, Slovenian and Bosnian electronics, Bosnian machinery construction, Montenegrin aluminium, Croatian mechanical industry, etc. Even if there were the money, it would take 6 - 7 years before the first Serbian tank could enter serial production; its price would be far higher than that of the M-84.

It hasn't been easy for this pragmatic industry recently: in the course of 1991, CAMEIY worked at 50 percent of its capacity - and survived. Foreign partners (mainly nonaligned) owe 530 million dollars, and 200 million dollars couldn't be bought at the black market rates just to survive. The equipping of JNA fell to a third of what could be reasonably expected, inter-republic quarrels have hampered the flow of components and goods, and republican ambitions have threatened the future of the factories of the military industry. CAMEIY is fighting heroically to preserve the technological and manufacturing unity of the military industry system, the product of 45 years of investment. Of all the demands of CAMEIY sent at the beginning of March to the "federal" and other - important - governing bodies, the most significant was that requesting the republics to guarantee the "unhindered flow of reproduction in the armaments and military equipment industry". Put into simple language, this means that the military industry should be left to produce and develop as before, as if there had never been any war.

Disregarding the war, Maribor's TAM last summer immediately resumed the discrete delivery of spare parts for trucks and armoured vehicles belonging to JNA, and the army continued its regular payment of bills (according to some reports, in hard currency).

The arguments are clear: the M-84 is an expensive tank of high quality; each one costs one and a half million dollars, without accoutrements and support systems; with these (ammunition, spare parts, workshops, training) the price is around 2.5 million dollars a piece. The tank has proved itself better than others thanks to the efforts of thousands of experts: the gyroscopic aiming system achieves a percentage hit rate whilst in motion of 80 percent, which is a good result; it is faster in sand than the American M-1, fuel consumption is less per horse power and mass, it operates at high temperatures, and has the lowest silhouette of all tanks in its class (219 cm). To lose such an export product would be madness close to suicide. In any case, this autumn a gentlemen's agreement was reached by Croatia and the JNA that future series of the M-84 will not be used inside the country and this is the only agreement that has been respected by both sides to date; this is understandable because money is in question, and not ideological fog.

Good progress was made last week by the recognition on both sides of these basic facts. Let us add that the M-84 is not the only example: aircraft and helicopters, rocket launchers, submarines (not river ones!), ammunition of all sorts, etc. are being manufactured and quietly exported. This teaches us that money - believe it or not - is very important in the life of the peoples and nations of the Balkans. All the rest - "fascism", "anti-fascism", "Serbian and Croatian nationalism", "orthodoxy", "the Vatican", "the Comintern" etc. - fall to hypocrisy. In fact the border between these two approaches - the reasonable and the hypocritical-ideological - represents the borderline of actual political conflict in what was once called Yugoslavia. As such, the information on the continuing production and export of the M-84 is important to our unhappy situation: we now see where the real interests lie. If the participants would only admit this openly, we would be much closer to peace, because one tank for export has shown itself to be far mightier than many for civil war.

II.Serb Forces

Yugoslav Army Commander: Lt. Col. Gen. Ojdanic
Yugoslav Army Commander in Kosovo: Gen. Nebojsa Pavkovic

Serb Army:

Soldiers: 114,000
Artillery pieces: 1,400
200 M-84 tank
400 T-55 tank
Armored Fighting Vehicles: 1,825

Serb Air Force:

14 MiG-29A/B
60 MiG-21
45 G-4 Super Galeb
20 G-2 Galeb
40 J-22 Orao

Serbian Air Defenses:

40 SA-2
60 SA-3
20 SA-6
?? SA-9
?? SA-11
Numerous SA-7/14/16
AAA pieces: 1,850

There were approximately 40,000 Serb troops in and around Kosovo. These forces were equipped with about 400 tanks and almost 900 APC's. Serb forces around the Kosovo border were divided into deployed forces, garrison forces, and reserve forces. The deployed forces had about 96 tanks, and the garrison forces had around 30 tanks in garrison. There was a concentration of Serb troops along the border between Kosovo and Macedonia, by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. These forces had been building up for several weeks.

VI.Conclusion

VI.Conclusion

The Kosovo War proved once again how dominant US Air Power has become. Although the war was not 100% perfect, there were minor accidents, it is as close to perfection as modern warfare will ever get to. This was the first time NATO worked together on such a big scale. Although only a few NATO members participated militarily, all NATO members helped out in some way. New members like Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic also contributed to the victory. It also paved the way for Bulgaria, Romania, Albania to enter into NATO.

When the Kosovo War began plans called for air power to do the job. Critics from all over said that it could not be achieved due to the terrain and weather of the Balkans. This was proved wrong as NATO achieved all it's goals in just 79 days. This was the first time in history where the Air Force was able to defeat a country by itself, and most amazingly no combat casualties. The Serbs did achieve a "lucky shot" downing 1 F-117 Stealth attack aircraft, but otherwise this was yet another case of US weapon superiority over Russian weapons. Only after the war documents revealed that the Russians had sent SA -10,S(S-300,S) to Serbia. The SA-10 is the finest SAM in the Russian military, but one system was knocked out by an F-16.

Milosevich finally came to his senses and saw that his country was no match for NATO and gave in to all demands. As of now it appears that Kosovo will be independent and might unite with Albania. Not just that but Montenegro is on the verge of declaring independence as well. NATO statistics show that a total of 38,004 sorties were flown between 24 March and 10 June, an average sortie-generation rate of 494 missions per day. Of the total, 14,006 were strike and suppression of enemy air defences (SEAD) missions (10,808 of which were dedicated strike sorties). In the early days of the campaign, however, the sortie rate over Yugoslavia was more like 150 missions per day. Two new aircraft the B-1 Lancer and B-2 Spirit saw their first action in Kosovo. The B-2 got highest remarks after the war silencing all critics that complained about its cost.

V.NATO Losses

Troops Killed: 0
Troops Wounded: 0
Aircraft Lost to SAM's or AAA: 1 F-117
Mechanical Failure Crashes: 4(F-16, AV-8, and 2 Apaches)

For the first time in history a war without casualties. According to Serb sources NATO lost 48 aircraft, 16 helicopters and about 300 soldiers operating on secret missions inside Yugoslavia. Other sites talk about NATO losing as many as 350 aircraft and 500 soldiers. Although the number of sites speaking about hundreds of NATO aircraft lost is high, none can provide any proof other than pictures of 1 F-117 NIGHTHAWK and 1 F-16 Falcon(the F-16 crash land in Yugoslavia after a mechanical failure).The US has absolutely no reason to lie about losses in Kosovo. Follow me for a second: After the US F-15Eagle performed an excellent tour of duty in Kosovo, downing 6 Mig-29 Fulcrums, the F-22 Raptor was nearly canceled. The reason was that the F-15 has no challengers at this time so why waste money on the F-22. Now, if the F-15 would have taken some losses, the F-22 would have been given more money to become operational.

IV.Serb Losses

Troops Killed: 5,000
Troops Wounded: 10,000
Tanks Lost: 93
APC's Lost: 153
Artillery Pieces Lost: 389
Military Vehicles: 339
Aircraft Lost in Dogfights: 6 Mig-29's & 1 Mi-8
Aircraft Lost on the Ground: about 40-50( 5 Mig-29's, about 20 Mig-21's)

Targeting and hitting Serb troops in Kosovo proved to be a challenge due to bad weather and the terrain allowed the Serbs to hide better. During the final days NATO was given another advantage to hit Serb troops, and that was the KLA. The KLA would attack Serbs in Kosovo until NATO aircraft would come down and drop bombs on the Serbs. In one such incident near the end the KLA brought about 800 Serb troops into the open. A single B-52 Stratofortress bomber carpet bombed the area and all 800 Serb soldiers lost their lives. After the war, NATO investigated the area to see if there were any clues left behind and what they saw only cleared up the fact that around 800 Serb soldiers were caught in the open and obliterated. At the site wreckage abandoned by the Serbs was still present.

III.NATO Forces

NATO Commander:Gen.Wesley Clarck

Country	Aircraft	CV	CG	DD	FF	SSN	Other
Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States TOTAL	10 18 9 87 15 - 51 39 22 7 3 8 29 38 730 1066	- - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2	- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2	- - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 2 4	- - - 3 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 1 2 1 11	- - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 2 5	- - - 2 - - - - 1 - - - - 2 5 10

CV= Aircraft Carrier
CG= Cruiser
DD= Destroyer
FF= Frigate
SSN= Submarine

The Kosovo Liberation Army was fighting on its own on the ground against superior Serb forces. The KLA had an estimated 15,000 men all lightly armed. They would bring in supplies from Albania under NATO air cover. Towards the end of the conflict NATO and the KLA worked together on targeting Serb troops with information provided by KLA forces on the ground.

During the first few days NATO's arsenal was much smaller, around 200 aircraft.BGM-109Tomahawks and other cruise missiles played a key role in the opening days taking out fixed Serb infrastructure. Afterwards aircraft strikes were very conservative because the Serb Defenses posed a serious threat. NATO averaged around 150 sorties a day in the first few weeks, but it steadily increased as time went by. The size of NATO's forces also increased to bring more pressure on Milosevich. NATO leadership also took it easy on Serbia believing minor damage would get Belgrade to realize that it had to stop the killings in Kosovo. Bridges, for example, were only attacked about 1 month into the conflict, whereas in Iraq bridges were taken out during the first days of attack. Another big difference as to why Yugoslavia lasted 79 days is NATO only averaged around 400 sorties compared to 2,500 in Iraq. What I'm getting at is Serbia felt only a small percentage of NATO's wrath, otherwise the conflict would have been over in a few hours.

II.Serb Forces

Yugoslav Army Commander: Lt. Col. Gen. Ojdanic
Yugoslav Army Commander in Kosovo: Gen. Nebojsa Pavkovic

Serb Army:

Soldiers: 114,000
Artillery pieces: 1,400
200 M-84 tank
400 T-55 tank
Armored Fighting Vehicles: 1,825

Serb Air Force:

14 MiG-29A/B
60 MiG-21
45 G-4 Super Galeb
20 G-2 Galeb
40 J-22 Orao

Serbian Air Defenses:

40 SA-2
60 SA-3
20 SA-6
?? SA-9
?? SA-11
Numerous SA-7/14/16
AAA pieces: 1,850

There were approximately 40,000 Serb troops in and around Kosovo. These forces were equipped with about 400 tanks and almost 900 APC's. Serb forces around the Kosovo border were divided into deployed forces, garrison forces, and reserve forces. The deployed forces had about 96 tanks, and the garrison forces had around 30 tanks in garrison. There was a concentration of Serb troops along the border between Kosovo and Macedonia, by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. These forces had been building up for several weeks.

III.NATO Forces

Kosovo War(Mar. 24 - Jun.10, 1999)

I.Backround

The conflict over Kosovo dates back many centuries ago. In 1389 the Turks defeated the Serbs and Christian mercenaries allied to the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo. The Battle of Kosovo would be remembered as the "Field of Blackbirds" because bodies of dead soldiers lay everywhere. The battle ended the Serbian Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire continued to tighten its grip on the Balkans. Serbian Prince Lazar was given 2 choices by the Turks: Fight to the Death or Surrender. He chose to die and with this choice Serbian nationalism began.

In 1989 over one million Serbs from all over the world came on a pilgrimage to Kosovo. President Milosevich gave a powerful speech where he said "Never again will the Serbian people be defeated!" Milosevich revived Serb nationalism but he also alarmed minorities in Yugoslavia. Soon after full scale war broke Yugoslavia apart. Sister republics Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia broke free and became independent. Slovenia and Macedonia were lucky because they got away without a fight. But Croatia and especially Bosnia felt the wrath of Milosevich. The last time the Balkans witnessed such gruesome crimes the Nazis were in power. Concentration camps were built to house Muslims captured by the Serbs. The UN intervened and after the US supplied Bosnia with weapons the tide of the war had turned.

Milosevich began cracking down on Albanians in fear of losing Kosovo. At the time Kosovo's population was 90% Albanian, and enjoyed some autonomy. Milosevich took this away and soon after street protests erupted. The Serb police took tough measures against the Albanians, including beatings and murders. It is at this point that the KLA(Kosovo Liberation Army) was born. The KLA's goals were independence from Yugoslavia and possible reunification with Albania. Serb units had the advantage in weapons, the KLA only had some small weapons. The KLA thus resulted to a guerilla war in Kosovo attacking Serb checkpoints, Police stations, etc. This infuriated Belgrade and sent in the Army to deal with the KLA. As the international community had flashbacks of Bosnia, the Serb Army began a campaign of killing Albanians who they said were part of the KLA. In just a few week an estimated 2,000 Albanians died. The Serbs said that this was a Civil War and not a crackdown on Albanians. Things went out of hand when mass numbers of refugees left Kosovo for Albania and Macedonia. The US took the initiative to try to calm thing down, because this situation could lead to war across the Balkans.

The Kosovo crisis began in early 1998 when large-scale fighting broke out, resulting in the displacement of some 300,000 people. A ceasefire was agreed in October 1998 which enabled refugees to find shelter, averting an impending humanitarian crisis over the winter. A Verification Mission was deployed under the auspices of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). However, violence continued and the situation worsened significantly in January 1999. A peace conference, held in Rambouillet Paris, broke up on 19 March with the refusal of the Yugoslav delegation to accept a peaceful settlement. NATO set out to get Yugoslavia to accept 5 key points, since they refused only airstrikes could make them negotiate.

Five Key Points of Rambouillet:

1. Ensure a verifiable stop to all military action and the immediate ending of violence and repression in Kosovo.
2. Withdrawal from Kosovo of Serbian military, police and paramilitary forces.
3. Agreement to the stationing in Kosovo of an international military presence.
4. Agreement to the unconditional and safe return of all refugees and displaced persons, and unhindered access to them by humanitarian aid organizations.
5. Provide credible assurance of Serbian willingness to work on the basis of the Rambouillet Accords in the establishment of a political framework agreement for Kosovo in conformity with international law and the Charter of the United Nations.

ackround

Military(M-84 tanks)

The M-84 tank is a Yugoslav-built version of the Soviet T-72. Though lacking many of the modern features used by Western tanks, such as sophisticated fire control and communications equipment, it has computerized fire control system and vehicle optics. The tank features two of smoke dischargers mounted on the turret front, seven on the left and five on the right, and a distinctive meteorology mast containing sensors fitted on the forward part of the turret. A powerful 1000 hp diesel engine gives greater acceleration, higher road speed and improved power-to-weight ratio. Ballistic protection is achieved by a low profile of optimum shaping and a multi-layer "sandwich" armour with equivalent penetration resistance exceeding 600 mm. M-84 tank is capable of fording water obstacles 1.8m deep and, in underwater drive, up to 5 m deep. This vehicle is not normally suited for operation on terrain of the type around Kosovo.

Specifications
Weight	48,000kg
Length	9.5m
Width	3.6m
Height	2.2m
Speed	35-45 km/h - on macadam road 50 km/h - on grade 1 road 70 km/h -Max speed
Tactical radius	450-700 km
Max. gradient	30o
Max. lateral grade	25o
Main Gun	125mm cannon
Ammunition	Semi-fixed round, with HE, HEAT and HVAPDS (FS) projectiles
Combat set	42 rounds
Coaxial Machine Gun	7.62mm
Commander's Machine Gun	12.7mm
Crew	3

serbian army-jso

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